Nepal is situated between two big countries India and China, adorned by diversity of language, religion, culture, caste and many other exotic and heart touching features. Despite its smaller size in comparison to its neighboring countries, it contains the far remote mountains as well as the plains of Terai region. It has eight top peaks among the fourteen including the highest Mt. Everest in the world. Moreover, the only lake in the uppermost place in the world too lies in Nepal. Nepal is characterized by its abundant water resources, endangered, disappearing and rare animals and plants, natural, cultural and religious diversities etc. There is a variety in plants, fowls and animals due to its various climatic and geo-graphical situations.
Nepal has a total area of 1, 47,181 km and its population according to the census of 2058V.S. is around 2.75 corers. The length from eastern border, Mechi to western border Mahakali River is 885km whereas the width is disjunctive. The width in west is more bloated in comparison to the east while the mid part is shrunken. Thus the tentative width of Nepal from south to north is 193km. 23% of its total area is covered by hilly and mountain region and the rest is a plain of Terai. Most of the mountains stretch from North to southern part and Mt. Everest (8848m), the highest peak in the world too lies in one among these ranges. On geographical basis, Nepal can be divided into mountain (Himalaya), hilly and Terai region.
A) Mountain/ Himalayan Region: This region covers the area stretching above four thousand to 8848 m to the southern border of Tibet and has 15% of Nepal’s total area. This region contains Kanchanjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Choyu, Dhawalagiri, Manaslu, Himalaya ranges including Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest). Life in this area faces trouble due to the ever snowing and a chilling wind blowing. Generally the people of Mutal Sherpa, Thakali, Manange, Bhote etc. castes dwell in this region.
B) Hilly region: Its southern part is covered by the Rocky Mountains and hills in around the height of 600m from the sea level. It has got 68% of land and has lapped RaRa, Phewa Lakes, inner hills, Mahabharata hill and Shivalik mountains. Deepest Arun valley, Koshi, Gandaki, Trishuli, Sunkoshi, Karnali Rivers and the valleys and plains as their products are other attractions of this region. It is a shelter of the people from Brahmin, Chetri, Kirat, Magar, Gurung, Newar, Tamang, etc castes.
C) Terai Region: The plain area stretched from east to west is Terai region. It lies in 200 to 300 meter’s height from the sea level and covers 17% of the land. It is made fertile by the productive soil carried and deposited here by the rivers with Himalayan origin. People from Maithili, Bhojpuri speaking communities are the inhabitants of this region.
Nepal is enriched by the numerous big and smaller rivers carrying the potentiality and possibility of generating 83,000 megawatt electricity. These rivers can roughly be divided or classified into three classes: Gandaki, Karnali and Koshi. There are other minor rivers beside these three major and Mechi, Kankai, Triyuga, Kamala, Bagmatii, Indrawatu, Tamakoshi, Bhotekoshi, Trishuli etc. are few examples.
The climatic and geographical diversity of Nepal causes the plenty of variety of plants and animals. Simply the area above five thousand meter lacks lives since it is ever- snowing and capped by chilling snow. Only the creatures and plants capable of enduring such climate can exist over here. Some small undergrowth plants and pastures with Yarchagumba like grass are found in the height of three to four thousand meter whereas cedar, conifer, juniper, pine like plants, antelope, musk-deer, yak, cow, sheep etc in animals and sophomores, partridge like birds are found at 2000 to 2500 meter’s height. At the lower part there are pine like plants, animals like tiger, bear, leopard, deer, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, and birds like crow, crane, grouse, sparrow etc. in the existence.
Terai has a hot temperature; therefore there are evergreen forests with silk-cotton, Sal, catechu, etc. snakes, boas, bear, tiger, and rhino like wild animals, sheep, goat, buffalo, cow like cattle and various kinds of fowls are available in this part of Nepal.

Nepal is rich in its culture and is capable in ranking itself among the countries to have ancient civilization. Although it underwent sometimes unitary and sometimes in fragments of twenty- twenty four states, it never fell in the claws of colonizers, it was never a colony of any empire. Nepal had mentionable progress in social, political, economic, religious, art, epistemology, and science sectors during Lichhibi and Malla rules. Lichhibis developed an Aryan culture whereas Hindus who entered during eleventh and twelfth century played a vital role to bind people in a single religion and culture.
The historical inscriptions of Nepal suggest the Gopal Vanshis to be the first to establish Nepal state. After them, the Ahir ( Mahispal) Vanshis ruled over it. Kiratis hold the rule after Ahir whose first king was Yalamber and the last was Dasti. They founded a base of socio-eco-politic development of Nepal. Lichhibis and Malls began snatching the Kirat rule in Nepal (Kathmandu Valley) along with their strengthened rule in Terai region. King Mandev was the first Lichhibi king. Mallas got a victory over Lichhibi since they were clever enough to recognize the diminishing power of Lichhibi dynasty. However, towards the sixteenth century, Malla themselves had the same destiny of a fall. His Majesty the king Prithivi Narayan Shah of Gorkha took a right decision of attacking the weakening Malla rule due to their internal conflict during the time of dividing Kathmaddu valley into Lalitpur , Bhaktapur and Kathamdandu. Rana ruled it for 104 years and king Tribhuvan, Mahendra, Beerendra, Deependra and Gyanendra got to run a royal rule after the fall of Rana rule in 2007 VS. Similarly the Peoples’ Second Movement of 2063 VS. put full stop to 250 years long royal rule and established Nepal as a Democratic Republic. Dr. Ram Baran Yadav is the first president of Nepal.

In Kirat language, ‘Ne’ stands for middle and ‘pa’ means wool. Nepal has been producing and exporting wool and its products in a large amount to its neighboring countries since ancient time onwards. It is named as Nepal (storehouse of wool) because of ample production of wool. Newars used to call Nepal as “Nepa” which later took a form of Nepal According to Nepal narration- because of saint named ‘Ne’ reared the people of this place, it was named as Nepal.
Castes: Nepal is rich by the multi linguistic, multi caste and inters- caste systems. Along with geographical diversity, it has a variety in language, caste, religion and community.
Nepali Religion and Culture: Different caste, religion, profession, norms values and beliefs are in existence in Nepal from an ancient time onwards. People are of different religion, community and status. Even though there are various languages in use from a very past, Nepali is an official language here. Since Nepal is a meeting point of people of different languages, it naturally has different festivals, rituals, jatras, and ceremonies to celebrate by various communities of Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Christians etc.
Nepali Music and Dance: Songs of different languages and lyrics are at use in Nepal among the mare the songs like folksongs, Lokdohori (dialogue in song), Roila, hymens, Sorathi, Tamangselo, Thado Bhaka, modern songs, and Gandarva songs in mother languages. Likewise there are the songs and dances of different people according to their caste, culture and languge. Sorathi, Jhyanse, Kanda, Ghatu, Jhinjhiya, Tamangselo, modern, Tandav( dance of lord Shiva), Dev ( god’s dance), Bhojpuri, Dhunal, Maruni, Sevru, Tappa, Deuda, Jogiri etc are some of the examples of it.
Nepali Society: Nepali society is an amalgamation of those people following different castes, languages and religions. Religious tolerance among various religions is one of the major characteristics of Nepali society. Physical diversity of geography is accompanied by the variety in language, religion, tradition, culture and rituals as well.
Entry to Nepal: Nepal is in border with China in North and with India in the rest. Entry to Nepal form land ways is possible from………….of India and …………of China. For air way entrance to Nepal, there are different air companies and their air services directly and indirectly serving from the different countries of the world. Foreign tourists can use these services in order to enter into Nepal.
Visa: For an entrance to Nepal, any foreign citizen must get a visa and one can apply for it along with necessary documents including passport to Nepali Embassy.

Transportation: public and private transport services are in as easy access in Nepal. Public means of transportation like bus, taxi, micro bus, van, and tempo are available in the city areas whereas private means of transportation like car, van, rickshaw, taxi, motorcycle, bicycles of different models and brands can also be used in hire for a certain time period.
News and Media: Modern devices of communication are in fashion in town areas which are useful for both internal and international calls. Such services include telephone, internet, fax etc. that are available in communication offices or cyber cafes. Similarly the daily, weekly and monthly magazines and newspapers are published in both Nepali and English. Private radio and televisions broadcast and telecast News in both Nepali and English languages.
Transportation service in Nepal: the capital of Nepal Katmandu is linked to the most of its districts by highways or motorways; therefore, one can travel by both public and private vehicles to different places of it. Private vehicles like taxi, car, van etc. are easily available in rent. Public vehicles on the other hand can be used to reach at the major and famous cities like Katmandu, Pokhara, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Chitwan etc. for sightseeing. Air services are available as an alternative means and internal or domestic flights comfortably drop people to such major cities.
Communication service: There are different kinds of communicative means and services available in Nepal. Phone, cell phone, e-mail internet etc. are some of the examples. Internet service is available at cyber cafes whereas public telephone booths are for telephone services. Even some trekking areas like Ghandurk are equipped with internet.
Fowls/ bird observation: It provides an opportunity to observe the birds, their activities, behavior and loveliness directly by approaching at their inhabitation. One can observe 850 kinds of birds form 27 bird observation sites including national parks. It’s easier in Terai region than in hilly region.
Economy: Economy and economic development of Nepal is not satisfactory because of different reasons. Among them are the remoter and difficult geography, limited resources, great dependency in agriculture, conventional agricultural system, ineffective administration, infrastructure less villages, unclear political visions, unemployment, labor drain etc. Nepal’s international trade is in loss whereas the foreign debt is increasing every year. Limited and cheap agricultural products are exported but expensive and luxurious products are imported in turn. Agriculture even being a main pillar to shoulder the economy has not been modernized yet. Tourism amidst this pessimistic ambience can be a great scaffold if beautiful and diverse geographic and cultural aspects of Nepal are identified in a right way.
Money Exchange/ Banking: Different financial institutions have been providing their services for money transfer and money exchange in both national and international level. Western Union, Money gram, IME etc. are to receive money from other countries. One also can get money by using Surift code for wire transfer, along with paypal services.
Hospital/ Clinic: Both public and private hospitals and clinics have been running in the major cities of Nepal in order to provide patient with good medical service. Few are targeted solely for the foreigners. Cwic, clinics, Lamimpat etc. are the examples of it.

Museums of Nepal:

a) National Museum: the first museum of Nepal, National museum is situated at Chhauni of Kathmandu and is divided into different sectors like art, memory, ancient weapons etc.
b) Coin’s Museum: it consists of the coins from ancient, middle and modern periods of Nepali history.
c) Historical museum: Tribhuvan Museum lies inside HanumanDhoka in Kathmadu in a form of memorial Museum where there are different scenes to expose various aspects of the life of King Mahendra and Beerendra.
d) Natural Museum: Nature Museum of Shwoyambhu in Kathmandu is in the possession of Tribhuvan University. It contains information about birds and plants form Himalayan region.
e) Metal Craft museum: located at Patan Darbar square of Lalitpur district, this museum contains the metal statues of Hinduism and Buddhism from Malla dynasty. Similarly there are vessels and utensils used in Malla dynasty.
f) Wooden craft museum: skillful models of wooden windows, doors, tundals, etc are collected in this museum. It is located in Bhaktapur district and contains information about the wooden craft of 15th century.
g) Patan Museum: ancient statues and paintings of Malla period are collected in this museum. It is situated in Patan district of Nepal. it also contains some metal statues from Lichhibi period.
h) Ancient Anthology Museum:ancient archives are placed in this museum and t lies in Kathmadu . Letters written on leaves informing the middle period of Katmandu valley are the attraction of this museum.
i) Lumbini Museum: explorations in Lumbini and Kapilvastu areas have helped enough to gain historical information and materials about Buddhism. Metals, statues, and the utensils of clay found in exploration are kept in this museum.

Nepali food:

Nepali food has variety in it due to the different kinds of foods of different castes, religions and communities. They do have their own importance in different occasions. Most of the varieties are easily to cook, healthy and tasty too. Daal, rice curry and pickle are famous for Nepali food. Nepali people have had their set of food twice a day. Food is eaten by right hand. People in the rural areas of Nepal take the food made up of corm. Wheat, millet, beaten rice, noodle, biscuit etc. whereas momo, chowmein, Bakery , thuppa, newari set etc in the city are are used as lunch. An easy availability of hotels and restaurants in the city area has made accessibility of Chinese, Indian Italian and continental food. Materials like fenugreek, turmeric, ginger, chili, onion, garlic coriander-seed etc and condiments like clove, large cardamom, small cardamom, cinnamon etc are used in Nepali food for its taste. Seasonal vegetables like radish, green leafy vegetables, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, aubergine, lady’s finger, bitter gourd, bean, pumpkin, pea, turnip, potato etc are easily available in Nepali market. Among the variety of lentils are black gram, gram, pea, pigeon pea, green grams etc. similarly different fruits of various kinds according to the climatic and geographical situations can be purchased easily from the markets. Climatic variety causes variety in the production of fruits in different regions. For example, Mustang is famous for apple, Gorkha for orange, Ilam for tea etc. Guava, orange, banana, pomegranate, grapes, papaya, Chinese plum, persimmon, apple, custard, mango, pear, raspberry, berry, hog plum, grapefruit, sorghum, pineapple etc. are the seasonal fruits of Nepal.
People drink tea or coffee in the early morning, then have breakfast at eight to nine in the morning , lunch in the midday, and dinner at seven to eight at night., one can taste salt in most of Nepali dishes. It includes milk and milk products in large amount in rural areas because of livestock whereas such varieties can be purchased at dairies in cities. There are local to five star hotels in Nepal. Similarly, such services are available even in the trekking areas. Fresh juice is available in the different parts of the cities at juice centers and cane juices are available at shops and departmental stores. Boiled water or mineral water is suggested for drinking water. In alcohol items, there are wines in national products of international level like beer, Brandi, bhodka, whisky, rum, wine etc. and Tomba, wine of millet, jaad (wine of stored food) etc in local level. Tomba is popular in some communities and it is drunk mostly in cold season. It is a compulsory drink in some festivals of certain communities.
General information about Nepali dishes: A)Daal Bhat TArkari( pulse, cooked rice and curry) B) Gundruk Dhido C) Aaloo- Tama( potato and bamboo-shoots) D) meat E) Pulau Tarkari( Fried rice and curry) F) Chatamari G) Tomba I) Wine Major and popular Nepali dishes
1. Cooked rice: ( bhat) : raw rice is cooked in water in its ratio. This is a major dish of Nepali people.
2. Pulse (daal): lentils like gram, black gram. Pigeon pea, green grams etc. are mixed with turmeric and fried by condiments like, onion, coriander seed, fenugreek, aromatic herb (jimmu) etc at last. It is necessary for rice.
3. Curry: vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower, sponge gourd, radish , potato etc are used to cook curry as seasonal vegetable and dried vegetables like maseura, pieces of radish, gundruk etc in off season. Ghee, ginger, oil, chili, salt, onion, garlic, tomato etc are necessary ingredients for such curries.
4. Chatni/ pickle: it is prepared of tomato, radish, gourd, chayote, bitter gourd, Chinese plum, mango, pea, cucumber etc. ginger, onion, chili, cumin, garlic like ingredients are necessary to prepare it. It is added with tart too.
5. Gundruk Dhindo: Gundruk is a soured dried vegetable of radish or mustard green leaves packed in a vacuum. It is cooked in water. Or it can be mixed to other items according to the flavor. Dhindo, on the other hand is a boiled flour of millet, wheat or maze. This flour is cooked in boiled water. Gundruk- Dhindo is a typical dish of Nepal.
6. Aaloo- Tama (potato, bamboo- shoots): Bamboo shoots can be cooked or eaten raw after 2-3 days long souring of it in warm water. It is cooked like other curries.
7. Meat: different dishes are prepared out of meat according to culture and traditions of diffident communities in Nepal. Buff is famous in some communities like Newari where the dishes like choila, kachila, bhutuwa (fried), momo, chow men etc are prepared out of it and mutton and chicken items are in use in other communities. Momo, chowmein, roast, thuppa etc. are the dishes of such meat.
8. Pulau Tarkari( vegetable and fried rice) :‘Pulau’ is famous in marriage, picnic, ceremonies of sacred thread wearing etc. it is also deer among the tourists. Rice is fried in ghee and is added with sweet spices like clove, small cardamom, cinnamon etc.
9. Chatamari: It is popular among Newar community. It is prepared by the flour of rice and mixed with egg or potato according to the taste.